The membership of a company changes from time to time, but that has no effect on the existence of the company. The company only comes to an end, when it is wound up according to the law of companies act,2013. Foreign company means any company incorporated outside India but has established business in India. The other company holds more than half in nominal value of its equity share capital. The control and management is generally in the hands of capital owners, which is not the case with public company.

S.Aditya an alumnus of KLE Society’s Law College, Bengaluru. This article envisages an understanding of company with respect to body corporate and illegal association. This article has been written to encompass various facets of the meaning and nature of a Company. Where the liability of the members of a company is limited to the extent of the nominal value of shares held by them, such companies are known as Limited liability companies. It is formed for the accomplishment of some stated goals and whatsoever profit is gained is divided among its shareholders or saved for the future expansion of the company. In the legal sense, a company is an association of both natural and artificial persons and is incorporated under the existing law of a country.

J. Marshall of U.S.A. in the celebrated case of Dartmouth College. A corporation has been addressed as a legal creature existing only in law and its characteristic properties are the ones conferred impliedly or expressly upon it by law. The aforementioned definition very much constitutes a very easy way to understand the explanation of a corporation and the same can be extended to understand the legal identity of a Company. A) Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak committee e v s Shri Shyam Nath Das The Entity acts like a natural person but only through a designated person, who acts as processed within the Ambit of law. It may pay remuneration to directors and managerial personnel or appoint any one to the office of profits without any restrictions. It is not possible for all the shareholders to take part in the management.

It further provides that a deed signed by such an attorney on behalf of the company and under his seal where sealing is required, shall bind the company. The court observed “No shareholder has any right to any item of property owned by the company for he has no legal or equitable interest therein”. One of the principal advantages of trading through the medium of a limited company is that the members of the company are only liable to contribute towards payment of its debts to a limited extent. ClearTax offers taxation & financial solutions to individuals, businesses, organizations & chartered accountants in India.

• There are, however, limitations on the transferability of shares of a Private Limited Company, which are discussed in Chapter 2.
• Lord Justice Lindley has defined a company as “an association of many persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common stock and employ it in some trade or business and who share the profit and loss arising there from.
• Just upload your form 16, claim your deductions and get your acknowledgment number online.
• Shareholders holding a minimum of one tenth of the paid up share capital of airers4you is able to generate a requisition on the Board of Directors to convince such a conference.
• 4.2 Determination of the enemy character of a company – Company being an artificial person cannot be an enemy or friend.

In common law, a company is a “legal person” or “legal entity” separate from, and capable of surviving beyond the lives of its members. A member of company can contract with a company of which he is a shareholder. Limited liability of member and unlimited liability of company at the time of liquidation of company. 127, the Supreme Court held that where the holding company holds 100% shares in a subsidiary company and the latter is created only for the purpose of the holding company, corporate veil can be lifted.

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If company D is the subsidiary of company C, it also becomes subsidiary of Company B and A and so on. The content/information published on the website is only for general information of the user and shall not be construed as legal advice. While the Taxmann has exercised reasonable efforts to ensure the veracity of information/content published, Taxmann shall be under no liability in any manner whatsoever for incorrect information, if any. Held, the parent and the subsidiary company were one commercial unit and the application for licences was rejected.

Therefore, it acts through its Board of Directors for carrying out its activities and entering into various agreements. The common seal is the official signature of the company. Any document not bearing the seal of the company may not be accepted as authentic and may not have any legal force. A member cannot claim to be owner of the company’s property during the existence of the company. An organisation becomes a legal body with permanent succession and a common seal until it is incorporated. Since the organisation does not have a physical presence, it must operate by its agents, and any transactions entered into by its agents must bear the company’s seal.

Company:

They leave their task to the representatives the meaning of company of Directors and the company is managed by Board of Directors. So wonderful to read the article very gently explain about the definition and also briefly explain but give a clear point of view about the company law. The company, though a legal person, is not a citizen under the Citizenship Act, 1955 or the Constitution of India. Common seal of Company is also important feature of Company as the feature like legal entity of any Company. Although the word ‘Company’ is colloquially applied to both , the statute regards companies and Company law as distinct from partnerships and partnership law. 4.1 Liability for ultra vires Acts – Directors and other officers of a company will be personally liable for all those acts which they have done on behalf of a company if the same are ultra vires the company.

A business can be described as an organization or enterprising entity that engages in professional, commercial or industrial activities. There can be different types of businesses depending on various factors. Similarly, their ownership also makes them different from each other. For instance, there are sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and more.

20 of the definition clause of the Act, a company simply means a company incorporated under the Act; or under any previous relevant law. These Companies incorporated under this enactment must operate under the boundaries defined by this Act. Assets from the percussion of business downturn, it also means that a business owner is not allowed to tap into the corporation’s account for assistance in meeting public debts. Existence, which means that a company never dies, even if the members cease to exist.

Characteristic And Features Of A Company

The liability of a member as a shareholder extends to the contribution of the capital of the company up to the nominal value of shares held and not paid by him. On incorporation a company becomes legal entity with perpetual succession and a common seal. As the company has no physical form, it cannot sign its name on a contract. The name of the company must be engraved on the common seal.

On registration, a company becomes a body corporate i.e., it acquires a legal personality of its own, separate and distinct from its members. A registered company is, therefore, created by law and law alone can regulate, modify or dissolve it. The liability of the members of the company is limited to contribution to the assets of the company up to the face value of shares held by him. A member is liable to pay only the uncalled money due on shares held by him when called upon to pay and nothing more, even if liabilities of the company far exceeds its assets. On the other hand, partners of a partnership firm have unlimited liability i.e. if the assets of the firm are not adequate to pay the liabilities of the firm, the creditors can force the partners to make good the deficit from their personal assets.

A company must be incorporated or registered under the Companies Act. Minimum number of members required for this purpose is seven in the case of a ‘public company’ and two in the case of a ‘private company’. Used in the aforesaid sense, the word ‘company’, in simple terms, may be described to mean a voluntary association of persons who have come together for carrying on some business and sharing the profits therefrom. A company is a artificial person and does not have a physical presence.

The importance of the separate entity of the company was however firmly established in the following case. With a corporate personality so it is redundant, bears its name, acts Under its name, has a seal of its own, and Its assets are separate. Therefore capable of owning property, incurring debts, Borrowing money, having bank accounts, and entering into contracts. Its members are its owners however they can be its creditors simultaneously. Shareholders cannot be held liable for acts of the company if he holds Virtually the entire share capital.

The laws and rules entered in trust deed relate with the notice of the conference, appointment of a Chairman of the meeting, passing the resolutions, quorum of the posting as well as the meeting as well as signing of minutes. These conferences are labeled every so often in which the interests of debenture holders are needed at time of reconstruction, reorganization, amalgamation or even winding up of the business. Section, 391 to 393 of the Companies Act not just get powers on the business to compromise with the creditors but additionally place on the process to do so. The Board of Directors could create certain committees and also hand over several of its runs to them. The delegation of powers to such committees is being authorised by the Articles of Association and also must be governed by the provisions of the Companies Act.

ClearTax serves 1.5+ Million happy customers, 20000+ CAs & tax experts & 10000+ businesses across India. Shareholders holding a minimum of one tenth of the paid up share capital of airers4you is able to generate a requisition on the Board of Directors to convince such a conference. Subsequent annual general meeting have to be kept by the business annually within 6 weeks of the closing of the economic year. I the interval between any 2 annual general meetings mustn’t be over 15 months. The registrar is empowered to extend the time upto a time to 3 weeks except in the situation of initial annual general meeting. Company limited by Guarantee obtaining absolutely no share capital.

A company is a voluntary association of persons to earn profits. It is formed for the accomplishment of some public good and whatsoever profit is divided among its shareholders. A company cannot be formed to carry on an activity against the public policy and having no profit motive.

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Company, which means a body corporate having it’s separate legal entity and perpetual succession. The use of these words depends on the context in which they are being used. So, now one by one we will understand when we should use the word company’s and when we should use word companies. Its members are its owners but they can be its creditors simultaneously as it has separate legal entity. A shareholder cannot be held liable for the acts of the company even if he holds virtually the entire share capital. The shareholders are not agents of the company and so they cannot bind it by their acts.

Accordingly, an injunction was issued against him and against the company he had formed restraining them from soliciting the plaintiff’s customers. The Court held the signatory directors personally liable. 12] – As per section 12, a company shall have its name printed on hundies, promissory notes, bills of exchange and such other documents as may be prescribed. As per section 22, as amended by the Companies Act, 2015, a company may, under its common seal, if any, through general or special power of attorney empower any person to execute deeds on its behalf in any place either in or outside India.

This cannot be done in case of a company once the members have paid all their dues towards the shares held by them in the company. For example, if the face value of the share in a company is Rs. 10 and a member has already paid Rs. 5 per share, he can be called upon to pay not more than Rs. 5 per share during the lifetime of the company. However, companies may be formed with unlimited liability of members or members may guarantee a particular amount.

• They may not have direct and meaningful oversight of its operations, but they elect their members to the company’s Board of Directors to perform administrative activities through their own management staff.
• A Company law must be incorporated or registered under the companies Act.
• It is capable of owning property, incurring debt, borrowing money, having a bank account, employing people, entering into contracts and suing and being sued separately.
• The control and management is generally in the hands of capital owners, which is not the case with public company.
• The site provides comprehensive and real time information on Indian corporates, sectors, financial markets and economy.
• Thus company means an association of persons who took their meals together.

The minimum number of members to form a private company is two. In terms of the Companies Act, 2013 [Section 2] “company” means a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous company law. A company, being a legal entity different from its members, can enter into contracts for the conduct of the business in its own name. And the legal entity of Company is separate from the entity of its members. This is the reason that the rights and liability of Company are separate from those person by whom the Company has been created.

Thus, initially, the word company referred to an association of persons who took their meals together. It can start its business immediately after incorporation. Certificate to commence business is not required to be obtained, which is compulsory for a public company. The members may derive profits without being burdened with the management of the company.

Both these legislations are based on the law of agency, each partner becoming an agent of the other, and it, therefore, affords a suitable framework for an association of a small body of persons having trust and confidence in each other. The shareholders are the actual proprietors of the business, but thanks to certain limitations they can’t experience the management of the business. They leave this for their representatives known as the directors. For managing the board of directors and their activities’ shareholders” meetings’ are kept every so often.